{"id":80573,"date":"2024-09-06T16:07:50","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T14:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museoscienze.vda.it\/?p=80573"},"modified":"2024-09-06T16:40:09","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T14:40:09","slug":"approfondimenti-sul-profilo-biologico-sullo-stato-di-conservazione-e-sulle-cause-di-morte-della-marmotta-del-lyskamm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museoscienze.vda.it\/fr\/approfondimenti-sul-profilo-biologico-sullo-stato-di-conservazione-e-sulle-cause-di-morte-della-marmotta-del-lyskamm\/","title":{"rendered":"Approfondissements sur le profil biologique, l’\u00e9tat de conservation et les causes de la mort de la marmotte du Lyskamm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Le 25 janvier 2023, la momie naturelle de marmotte d\u00e9couverte sur les Alpes vald\u00f4taines, dans la commune de Gressoney-La-Trinit\u00e9, a fait l’objet d’un examen tomographique informatis\u00e9 (CT-scan<\/a>) dans la structure complexe de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle de l’h\u00f4pital r\u00e9gional Umberto Parini d’Aoste de l\u2019AUSL de la Vall\u00e9e d\u2019Aoste (Figure1).1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Les objectifs de l’investigation diagnostique concernaient, tout d’abord, l’analyse de l’\u00e9tat de conservation du syst\u00e8me squelettique, avec une attention particuli\u00e8re \u00e0 l’\u00e9valuation de son exhaustivit\u00e9 et \u00e0 l’examen des connexions anatomiques. L’examen visait \u00e9galement \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier la d\u00e9termination taxonomique<\/a> pr\u00e9liminaire et \u00e0 reconstituer le profil biologique de l’individu, incluant la d\u00e9finition du sexe et l’estimation de l’\u00e2ge au moment de la mort. De plus, la pr\u00e9sence de traumatismes \u00e9ventuels a \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’analyse des images de la tomodensitom\u00e9trie CT-scan<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e \u00e0 l’aide d’un logiciel d\u00e9di\u00e9, qui a permis de retirer virtuellement les tissus mous de l’individu et de visualiser le syst\u00e8me squelettique (voir clip vid\u00e9o), qui a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 des comparaisons anatomiques.2<\/a><\/sup> Dans le but de d\u00e9terminer le sexe, la pr\u00e9sence du baculum<\/em> (os du p\u00e9nis), qui chez les marmottes ne d\u00e9passe pas 6,5 mm, a \u00e9t\u00e9 recherch\u00e9e.3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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L’estimation de l’\u00e2ge de la marmotte au moment de sa mort a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par l’observation de l’\u00e9tat de soudure des \u00e9piphyses<\/a> (en particulier les tibias et les f\u00e9murs) et de l’\u00e9tat d’\u00e9ruption<\/a> et de remplacement des dents 4<\/a><\/sup>, tandis que les valeurs de radio-opacit\u00e9<\/a> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exprim\u00e9es en unit\u00e9s de Hounsfield (HU)<\/a>, une \u00e9chelle de mesure de la radio-densit\u00e9 des objets examin\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La momie est en position accroupie, le c\u00f4t\u00e9 gauche en contact avec la surface d’appui. L’analyse des images de tomodensitom\u00e9trie nous a permis d’observer que le squelette est complet avec tous ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments et est dans un excellent \u00e9tat de conservation, \u00e0 l’exception d’une luxation dans la partie terminale de la queue (Figure 2). Les analyses arch\u00e9ozoologiques sur tomodensitom\u00e9trie, men\u00e9es en \u00e9troite collaboration entre l’Institut d’\u00e9tude des momies d’Eurac Research et le Laboratoire de Pr\u00e9histoire, de Protohistoire et d’\u00c9cologie Pr\u00e9historique de l’Universit\u00e9 de Milan (PrEcLab), ont permis de reconna\u00eetre qu’il s’agit d’un sp\u00e9cimen subadulte, puisque les \u00e9piphyses des os longs sont en fusion et ne sont pas encore compl\u00e8tement soud\u00e9es (Figure 3). Du point de vue de l’\u00e9ruption et du remplacement des dents, ces derni\u00e8res sont toutes \u00e9ruptives y compris la troisi\u00e8me molaire et la tomodensitom\u00e9trie ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le pas la pr\u00e9sence de dents de lait (Figure 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figura 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figura 3 A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figura 3 B<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Figura 4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

En ce qui concerne la d\u00e9termination du sexe sur la base de l’analyse par tomodensitom\u00e9trie de la momie et des examens ult\u00e9rieurs effectu\u00e9s par les D\u00e9partements v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires des Universit\u00e9s de Milan et de Turin, l’absence de l’os du p\u00e9nis conduirait \u00e0 la d\u00e9duction qu’il s’agit d’un individu de sexe f\u00e9minin.
Des traumatismes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9s, dont l’interpr\u00e9tation est encore en cours et porte plus particuli\u00e8rement sur l’action du temps et les circonstances de la mort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enfin, on a pu exclure que la marmotte ait \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9e en vol par un oiseau de proie, car aucune pr\u00e9sence claire de signes de pr\u00e9dation n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un \u00e9l\u00e9ment radio-opaque a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9 dans l’orbite gauche, avec une plage de 2 000 \u00e0 2 500 HU, indiquant un corps \u00e9tranger qui, lors d’une inspection ult\u00e9rieure, a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9 comme une petite pierre qui est entr\u00e9e dans l’orbite pendant la d\u00e9composition du corps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’examen diagnostique a contribu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re significative \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension de l’identit\u00e9 de la momie d’une jeune marmotte, fournissant des donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9cieuses pour la recherche scientifique et pour approfondir les connaissances sur les circonstances de sa mort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00a0\u00c9quipe pour le CT-scan<\/a> dans la structure complexe de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle de l’h\u00f4pital r\u00e9gional Umberto Parini d’Aoste de l\u2019AUSL de la Vall\u00e9e d\u2019Aoste.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Remarques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1<\/strong> L’examen a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9 \u00e0 l’aide d’un appareil General Electric GE 125 avec les param\u00e8tres suivants : \u00e9paisseur de la couche 0,6 mm, tension du tube 120 kV, courant du tube 100 mA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2<\/strong> Il convient de noter que les comparaisons anatomiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’observation des sp\u00e9cimens de Marmota monax<\/em> d\u00e9crits dans Bezuidenhout, Evans 2015, car aucune documentation appropri\u00e9e sur Marmota marmota<\/em> n’est disponible dans la litt\u00e9rature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3<\/strong> Kratochvil 1964.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4<\/strong> Bezuidenhout, Evans 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Glossaire<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CT-scan<\/strong>: abr\u00e9viation de Computed Tomography scan<\/em>. La Tomodensitom\u00e9trie est un examen radiologique qui recueille des donn\u00e9es provenant du passage des rayons X \u00e0 travers un corps-objet examin\u00e9. Ces donn\u00e9es sont trait\u00e9es par un ordinateur pour reconstruire et obtenir des images d\u00e9taill\u00e9es bidimensionnelles ou tridimensionnelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9termination taxonomique<\/strong>: d\u00e9termination de l’esp\u00e8ce (\u00e0 partir du Gr. Taxon : esp\u00e8ce, genre, famille).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9piphyse<\/strong><\/strong>: extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s des os longs. Les os longs (par exemple le f\u00e9mur, l’hum\u00e9rus, le tibia) sont constitu\u00e9s de trois parties : la diaphyse, c’est-\u00e0-dire la diaphyse m\u00e9diale qui constitue l’os, et deux \u00e9piphyses, c’est-\u00e0-dire deux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s, l’une proximale (c’est-\u00e0-dire celle la plus proche de la colonne vert\u00e9brale) et l’autre distale (celle la plus \u00e9loign\u00e9e de la colonne vert\u00e9brale).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9ruption<\/strong><\/strong>: saillie dentaire sur les arcades alv\u00e9olaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radio-opacit\u00e9 <\/strong>caract\u00e9ristique d’un mat\u00e9riau apparaissant plus (blanc) ou moins dense (noir) sur les images radiologiques, d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par la capacit\u00e9 de l’objet examin\u00e9 \u00e0 absorber ou \u00e0 contrecarrer le passage des rayons X.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unit\u00e9 Hounsfield (HU)<\/strong>: unit\u00e9 de mesure nomm\u00e9e d’apr\u00e8s l’ing\u00e9nieur Geoffrey Hounsfield et qui permet de quantifier la densit\u00e9 des tissus corporels ou d’autres mat\u00e9riaux analys\u00e9s par examen radiologique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Bibliographie<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bezuidenhout A.J., Evans H.E. 2005, Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota monax)<\/em>, Publication sp\u00e9ciale n\u00b013, American Society of Mammalogists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kratochvil J. 1964, Das m\u00e4nnliche Genitalsystem des europ\u00e4ischen Bergmurmeltieres Marmota marmota latirostris Krat. 1961<\/em>, Mammalian Biology (fr\u00fcher Zeitschrift f\u00fcr S\u00e4ugetierkunde), 29: 290-304.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 25 janvier 2023, la momie naturelle de marmotte d\u00e9couverte sur les Alpes vald\u00f4taines, dans la commune de Gressoney-La-Trinit\u00e9, a fait l’objet d’un examen tomographique informatis\u00e9 (CT-scan) dans la structure complexe de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle de l’h\u00f4pital r\u00e9gional Umberto Parini d’Aoste de l\u2019AUSL de la Vall\u00e9e d\u2019Aoste (Figure1).1 Les objectifs de l’investigation diagnostique concernaient, … Leggi di pi\u00f9<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":77884,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[17559,17555,17577,17599],"news_category":[17512],"news_expert":[17494,17493,17495],"news_type":[17520],"class_list":["post-80573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-marmot-mummy-project-fr","tag-marmotta-del-lyskamm-fr","tag-mummie-fr","tag-ricerca-scientifica-fr","news_category-marmotte","news_expert-alice-paladin-fr","news_expert-francesca-fapanni-fr","news_expert-umberto-tecchiati-fr","news_type-approfondissement"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nApprofondissements sur le profil biologique, l'\u00e9tat de conservation et les causes de la mort de la marmotte du Lyskamm - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Efisio Noussan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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