{"id":78880,"date":"2024-06-10T09:38:48","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T07:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museoscienze.vda.it\/la-marmotta-alpina-un-genoma-poco-variabile\/"},"modified":"2024-06-20T15:35:19","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T13:35:19","slug":"la-marmotta-alpina-un-genoma-poco-variabile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museoscienze.vda.it\/fr\/la-marmotta-alpina-un-genoma-poco-variabile\/","title":{"rendered":"La marmotte alpine\u00a0: un g\u00e9nome peu variable"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La diversit\u00e9 biologique des \u00eatres vivants diminue rapidement en raison des cons\u00e9quences directes et indirectes des activit\u00e9s humaines, telles que la destruction et la fragmentation des habitats, ou la surexploitation et la pollution de l\u2019environnement, qui contribuent au changements climatiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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La marmotte alpine joue un r\u00f4le important dans l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des Alpes, car elle est un bioindicateur d\u2019un environnement particuli\u00e8rement expos\u00e9 aux effets des changements environnementaux et climatiques. Cette esp\u00e8ce constitue \u00e9galement un excellent mod\u00e8le pour l\u2019\u00e9tude des dynamiques comportementales et \u00e9cologiques qui caract\u00e9risent les animaux sociaux et hibernants, c’est-\u00e0-dire soumis \u00e0 une p\u00e9riode de ralentissement des fonctions vitales en hiver. (Pasquaretta C. et autres, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour mieux comprendre la biodiversit\u00e9, il est utile d\u2019\u00e9tudier le g\u00e9nome des organismes vivants, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire tout leur ADN, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9 mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Chez les mammif\u00e8res, presque toutes les cellules du corps contiennent une copie compl\u00e8te du g\u00e9nome, qui contient \u00e0 son tour toutes les informations n\u00e9cessaires au d\u00e9veloppement et \u00e0 la croissance d\u2019un organisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019ADN nous renseigne sur la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des populations appartenant \u00e0 une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce et fournit des informations utiles sur leur statut de conservation\u00a0: les populations dans lesquelles les individus sont les plus diff\u00e9rents g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement sont, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, en meilleure sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique au niveau mol\u00e9culaire entra\u00eene des modification de l\u2019ADN d\u2019un individu par rapport \u00e0 un autre. \u00c0 nos yeux, cette diversit\u00e9 se manifeste par les diff\u00e9rentes caract\u00e9ristiques individuelles (formes, couleurs, tailles, etc.), elle est h\u00e9rit\u00e9e, influenc\u00e9e par la reproduction et peut \u00eatre mesur\u00e9e en analysant l\u2019ADN complet ou des parties de celui-ci et, avec le temps, elle peut aussi bien augmenter que diminuer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Une diminution de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique peut entra\u00eener l\u2019extinction d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce et est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements al\u00e9atoires (d\u00e9rive g\u00e9n\u00e9tique), la consanguinit\u00e9 et les goulots d’\u00e9tranglement (contraction multifactorielle et num\u00e9rique des individus dans une population, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une condition n\u00e9gative, dans laquelle les organismes s\u2019adaptent difficilement aux changements environnementaux, souvent caus\u00e9s par l\u2019homme).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Par contre, une augmentation de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique dans les populations d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une qualit\u00e9 positive, dans laquelle les individus s\u2019adaptent mieux aux conditions environnementales qui changent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des \u00e9tudes scientifiques montrent que la marmotte alpine est une exception : elle a une faible diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, mais est bien \u00e9quip\u00e9e pour r\u00e9pondre aux changements environnementaux, \u00e0 tel point qu\u2019elle a persist\u00e9 pendant des milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es avec des populations nombreuses. Selon l\u2019Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature et de ses ressources, l\u2019\u00e9tat de conservation actuel de cette esp\u00e8ce est une source de pr\u00e9occupation mineure (Least Concern<\/em> \u2013 UICN, 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon l\u2019article de 2020 Marmota marmota<\/em>, publi\u00e9 dans l\u2019importante revue de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique Trends in Genetics<\/em> (Gosmann et Ralser, 2020), la marmotte qui vit dans les prairies de haute altitude des Alpes europ\u00e9ennes est une esp\u00e8ce avec un g\u00e9nome aux caract\u00e9ristiques surprenantes qui, contrairement \u00e0 la tendance g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, a une faible \u00e9volution, avec l\u2019une des variabilit\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques les plus faibles du r\u00e8gne animal et une conservation \u00e9lev\u00e9e au niveau mol\u00e9culaire. Ces aspects sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9s aux populations en d\u00e9clin, comme les gorilles de montagne, le lynx ib\u00e9rique et l\u2019ours polaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Graphique de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9nomique de la marmotte alpine par rapport \u00e0 d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

Les r\u00e9sultats des analyses du g\u00e9nome et la faible diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de la marmotte alpine (Gosmann et autres, 2019), publi\u00e9s dans la revue scientifique Current Biology<\/em>, permettent de formuler l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se que la marmotte qui vit maintenant dans les Alpes (Marmota marmota<\/em>) est tr\u00e8s similaire au niveau g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et morphologique \u00e0 la marmotte du Lyskamm de l\u2019Holoc\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

En remontant aux origines de cette esp\u00e8ce, une \u00e9tude phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les marmottes apparues au Pl\u00e9istoc\u00e8ne, une \u00e9poque g\u00e9ologique ant\u00e9rieure \u00e0 l\u2019Holoc\u00e8ne, \u00e9taient de grands \u00e9cureuils terrestres qui se sont diversifi\u00e9s rapidement lorsque le climat de la plan\u00e8te est devenu plus sec, plus froid et tr\u00e8s saisonnier (Mills K. et autres, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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R\u00e9partition de l’esp\u00e8ce Marmota marmota<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Actuellement, la marmotte alpine ne fait pas l\u2019objet de menaces sp\u00e9cifiques et est une esp\u00e8ce prot\u00e9g\u00e9e : elle figure \u00e0 l\u2019annexe IV de la directive Habitat (92\/43\/CEE) et \u00e0 l\u2019annexe III de la Convention de Berne. Elle est une esp\u00e8ce qui ne peut pas \u00eatre chass\u00e9e selon la loi italienne (157\/92) et est r\u00e9pandue dans de nombreuses aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es du territoire (iucn.it).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cependant, selon des \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes men\u00e9es sur une population des Alpes fran\u00e7aises, il est pr\u00e9visible qu\u2019\u00e0 long terme, les changements climatiques, et notamment la s\u00e9cheresse estivale, affecteront n\u00e9gativement la r\u00e9partition globale des populations de marmottes alpines (Glad A. et autres, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019autres activit\u00e9s de suivi et un accroissement des connaissances scientifiques seront n\u00e9cessaires pour \u00e9valuer l\u2019influence du climat sur cette esp\u00e8ce et continuer \u00e0 en garantir la protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glad A., Mallard F. 2022. Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota<\/em>) distribution evolution under climate change: The use of species distribution models at a local scale in the western Pyrenees massif (France). Ecological Informatics, Volume 69, 101646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gossmann T.I. and Ralser M. 2020. Marmota Marmota. Trends in Genetics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gossmann T.I., Achchuthan Shanmugasundram, B\u00f6rno S., Duvaux L., Lemaire C., Kuhl H., Klages S., Roberts L.D., Schade S., Gostner J. M., Hildebrand F., Vowinckel J., Bichet C., M\u00fclleder M., Calvani E., Zelezniak A., Griffin J.L., Bork P., Allaine D., Cohas A., Welch J.J., Timmermann B., Ralser M. 2019. Ice-Age Climate Adaptations Trap the Alpine Marmot in a State of Low Genetic Diversity, Current Biology, Volume 29, Issue 10, Pages 1712-1720.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.iucn.it\/scheda.php?id=1956302166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IUCN. 2008. European Mammal Assessment.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mills K. K., Everson K. M. Hildebrandt K. B. P, Brandler OV, Steppan SJ, Olson LE. 2023. Ultraconserved elements improve resolution of marmot phylogeny and offer insights into biogeographic history. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 184:107785.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pasquaretta C., Ferrari C., Labriola M. C., Dumont f., Von Hardenberg A. 2008. Progetto di studio a lungo termine su life-hystory individuale e dinamiche di popolazione in esemplari di marmotta alpina (Marmota Marmota<\/em>) all\u2019interno del Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (Aosta). Hystrix, Italian Journal of Mammalogy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Photo de couverture<\/strong>: Sangharsh Lohakare – DNA – Unsplash. Infographie:<\/strong> falzonestudio.eu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La diversit\u00e9 biologique des \u00eatres vivants diminue rapidement en raison des cons\u00e9quences directes et indirectes des activit\u00e9s humaines, telles que la destruction et la fragmentation des habitats, ou la surexploitation et la pollution de l\u2019environnement, qui contribuent au changements climatiques. La marmotte alpine joue un r\u00f4le important dans l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des Alpes, car elle est un … Leggi di pi\u00f9<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":78048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[17561,17562,17563,17564],"news_category":[17512],"news_expert":[17498],"news_type":[17520],"class_list":["post-78880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-dna-fr","tag-genoma-fr","tag-olocene-fr","tag-pleistocene-fr","news_category-marmotte","news_expert-velca-botti-fr","news_type-approfondissement"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa marmotte alpine\u00a0: un g\u00e9nome peu variable - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Efisio Noussan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/museoscienze.vda.it\/la-marmotta-alpina-un-genoma-poco-variabile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La marmotte alpine\u00a0: un g\u00e9nome peu variable - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Efisio Noussan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La diversit\u00e9 biologique des \u00eatres vivants diminue rapidement en raison des cons\u00e9quences directes et indirectes des activit\u00e9s humaines, telles que la destruction et la fragmentation des habitats, ou la surexploitation et la pollution de l\u2019environnement, qui contribuent au changements climatiques. 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